Tank Battery Consolidation

Many oil and gas fields have multiple operators or working interest owners. In addition, most fields consist of a number of separate leases (common royalty ownership, etc.) that require individual oil and gas processing (separation, treating, storage and transfer, etc.) facilities to account for production to each owner. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum technology.

LACT initially was applied to these separate lease operations. The automatic transfer of produced oil and recycling of unacceptable quality oil [high basic sediment and water (BS&W) content] to treating facilities increased the effectiveness of treating and storage equipment.

In addition, tire incremental cost of larger meters, pumps, and related equipment of LACT’s was low compared to the increased oil volume transfer capability. Thus, a technical basis was available to process and transfer much higher produced-oil volumes than present on the average lease. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology are as under.

Historically, individual lease oil-production volumes had been treated to pipeline quality (2 % BS&W or less) before custody transfer from the lease. In the 1960’s, regulatory agencies began to approve operator requests to commingle wet-oil (not pipeline quality) production from multiple leases into a common or central oil processing and custody transfer facility. Oil production from each lease was determined by measuring the wet-oil volume (separator positive-volume or positive displacement meters, etc.) and correcting for water content with automatic samplers and later with capacitance probes and related net-oil computers. Final sales volume to each separate lease was determined by allocating the custody transferred (sales) volume back to each lease on the basis of its proportion of total wet-oil lease measurements. In other cases, tank battery consolidation was implemented when a field was unitized under a single operator for initiation of secondary recovery activities.

Tank battery consolidation eliminated oil treating and storage facilities on the individual lease. In some fields, the pipeline trunk lines used to gather individual lease oil volumes were converted to wet-oil gathering lines for the consolidated tank battery operation. Tank battery consolidation converts a field’s operation from a number of stand-alone lease functions to a central process with multiple inputs. Oil treating and storage, water treating and disposal, vapor recovery facility, etc., became more efficient and controllable in the consolidated environment. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering.

Solid-State Electronics

The development of solid-state electronics first as discrete components and then as integrated circuits has been a key factor in advancing lease automation. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma inpetroleum technology.  Electronics have provided the base for improvements in instrumentation, control elements, communication, and digital computers that form the primary components of enhanced automation facilities. Pneumatic and electromagnetic (relay) logic have been, and will continue to be, used in various forms of automation, but the extent of logic implementation is limited substantially compared with that available for electronics.

Pneumatic and/or electromagnetic functions are effective as complementary features to electronic forms of automation and as stand-alone automation for less complex applications. Microprocessors and their extension to microcomputers are having an impact on automation that may well  exceed that of integrated circuits in the initial form of “hard-wired” logic. Microcomputers combine the advantages of electronic components and program instructions into a flexible, capable, and reliable form that has substantial advantages for automation. These functional advantages have been complemented by a reduction in cost compared to implementation with integrated circuits. Microcomputers are being used in almost every component of automation related equipment from individual instruments through digital computers. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology are as under.

LACT is the process of transferring (running) lease produced  oil into a connected pipeline on an unattended basis. LACT includes the capability to determine automatically the quantity and quality of oil being transferred and the control functions to prevent transfer of unacceptable quality and/or volumes. Before LACT, lease oil was produced into a tank, quantity and quality (opening gauge and thieving, etc.) were determined, and a valve was opened to the pipeline to initiate transfer. When the transfer was complete, the pipeline valve was closed and a final (closing) gauge was made as basis for determining net volume transferred. All these steps were manual activities with some related duplication of effort between the lease operator and the pipeline gauge. In addition to being labor intensive, the process was inherently inefficient in use of related treating and storage facilities. LACT is an important tool in the evolution of lease automation. LACT is a significant automation element and has been widely accepted and implemented by industry. In addition, it has become an important  building block for other forms of automation in lease operations. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering.

Gas Measurement

Measurement and regulation are an integral part of the production of gas. As the value of gas has increased, the need for more accurate measurement has become apparent. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum technology.

Proper regulation is necessary to prevent unnecessary flaring or production curtailment. Today the engineer has a choice from among many instruments and controls, some of which are rather sophisticated. The advent of electronic and digital equipment offers many alternatives. Remote metering and control now are more commonly employed to minimize personnel overhead. The net result is a more complex production system than the traditional one.

Many seemingly superior instruments and controls are not suitable for some production systems. They may not be packaged to withstand exposure to the weather and elements in the environment-rain, salt spray, sand. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology are as under.

wind, lightning, etc. Some devices are so sensitive that  mere vibration may be a problem. Calibration and other like necessities may be inconvenient (or maybe impractical) in remote locations. Also, properly trained personnel may not be available for maintenance.

If transfer of custody is involved, contractural obligation may limit the choice of system. Other factors like spare parts availability and vendor service all influence the proper selection of equipment and vendor.

The choice of meter depends on the absolute volume involved and the rangeability-the ratio of maximum to minimum flow rate that a given size meter can accommodate. Reliability also is a factor. Both accuracy and precision must be cdnsidered. Accuracy is the difference between true and measured rate. Precision is the repeatability of a measurement, however wrong it  may be. There are a series of volumetric meters that measure volume directly by use of bellows, reciprocating pistons, rotating vanes and cams, etc. ’ These are used primarily for measuring small volumes of low-pressure gas and have little application in production operations. A velocity meter is any device that measures flow by impact kinetic energy or by using the change in pressure that accompanies a controlled change in velocity. However this change is induced, meter performance is governed by an energy balance. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering.

Which Is Better - Propane Or Natural Gas Grill?

A sure and convenient way to cookout, the gas grill is a sure investment especially for people who savor the taste of outdoor- cooked food. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum engineering .A gas grill will give you that as well as a good experience and bonding activity without the hassles a charcoal grill can bring. Of course, other people prefer a charcoal grill but for people who do not want the inconvenience, a gas grill is the best choice.

However, after you have already decided to get yourself a gas grill, you will be again confronted with the decision to either choose a natural gas barbecue grill or one that uses the traditional propane gas. What? I thought all gas grills come with propane? Well, not anymore my friend. But the real question is, which is the better choice among the two.

Which gas barbecue grill will work best for you? You need not boggle over it, here are the basic descriptions of the propane grill and the natural gas barbecue grill. Decide on which fits your lifestyle and choose according to your own preference, not the others, because in the end, you are the one who will be using that grill. Anyway, here it goes. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology   are as under.

Propane, which is created from petroleum, contains hydrocarbons (composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms), called aliphatic hydrocarbons. Propane gas barbecue grill is the type of gas grill which is more commonly used by most households and uses propane (also called liquefied petroleum gas or LPG) to fuel it. Propane gas is stored in a portable tank and once you run out of propane, you can easily buy another tank nearly everywhere.

A natural grill contains, yeah you guessed it right, natural gas. Natural type of gas, considered as fossil fuel, is made up primarily of methane. Natural type of gas, while considered an innovation, has always been used domestically. It is supplied to homes for purposes of cooking in natural gas ranges and ovens, central heating of houses and even for clothes dryers. Then, the domestic use also included fueling natural gas grills. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum technology.

Automation of Lease Equipment

Automation in the oil and gas producing industry covers a broad spectrum of supported functions. Technical Data used in the field explained in In diploma in petroleum technology. a simple application, automation may be defined as linking together instruments and controls to perform lease-operating procedures automatically in a predetermined manner. Automation in a more complex environment will have digital computers in some form of a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Automation in the industry has tended to evolve as new tools become available and ate accepted by industry and regulatory agencies. Generally, automation has advanced by a more complex linkage of instruments and control devices.

The development of solid-state electronics first as discrete components and then as integrated circuits has been a key factor in advancing lease automation. Electronics have provided the base for improvements in instrumentation, control elements, communication, and digital computers that form the primary components of enhanced automation facilities. Pneumatic and electromagnetic (relay) logic have been, and will continue to be, used in various forms of automation, but the extent of logic implementation is limited substantially compared with that available for electronics. Pneumatic and/or electromagnetic functions are effective as complementary features to electronic forms of automation and as stand-alone automation for less complex applications. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology are as under.

Microprocessors and their extension to microcomputers are having an impact on automation that may well  exceed that of integrated circuits in the initial form of “hard-wired” logic. Microcomputers combine the advantages of electronic components and program instructions into a flexible, capable, and reliable form that has substantial advantages for automation. These functional advantages have been complemented by a reduction in cost compared to implementation with integrated circuits. Microcomputers are being used in almost every component of automation related equipment from  individual instruments through digital computers. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering.