State Electronics

The development of solid-state electronics first as discrete components and then as integrated circuits has been a key factor in advancing lease automation. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum technology.  Electronics have provided the base for improvements in instrumentation, control elements, communication, and digital computers that form the primary components of enhanced automation facilities. Pneumatic and electromagnetic (relay) logic have been, and will continue to be, used in various forms of automation, but the extent of logic implementation is limited substantially compared with that available for electronics.

Pneumatic and/or electromagnetic functions are effective as complementary features to electronic forms of automation and as stand-alone automation for less complex applications. Microprocessors and their extension to microcomputers are having an impact on automation that may well  exceed that of integrated circuits in the initial form of “hard-wired” logic. Microcomputers combine the advantages of electronic components and program instructions into a flexible, capable, and reliable form that has substantial advantages for automation. These functional advantages have been complemented by a reduction in cost compared to implementation with integrated circuits. Microcomputers are being used in almost every component of automation related equipment from individual instruments through digital computers. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology are as under.

LACT is the process of transferring (running) lease produced  oil into a connected pipeline on an unattended basis. LACT includes the capability to determine automatically the quantity and quality of oil being transferred and the control functions to prevent transfer of unacceptable quality and/or volumes. Before LACT, lease oil was produced into a tank, quantity and quality (opening gauge and thieving, etc.) were determined, and a valve was opened to the pipeline to initiate transfer. When the transfer was complete, the pipeline valve was closed and a final (closing) gauge was made as basis for determining net volume transferred. All these steps were manual activities with some related duplication of effort between the lease operator and the pipeline gauge. In addition to being labor intensive, the process was inherently inefficient in use of related treating and storage facilities. LACT is an important tool in the evolution of lease automation. LACT is a significant automation element and has been widely accepted and implemented by industry. In addition, it has become an important  building block for other forms of automation in lease operations. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering.

Automatic Sampler

An automatic sampler is a device that removes a representative volume of fluid from a moving stream and retains it in a container for later processing and analysis. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum technology.  Factors that improve probability of obtaining a representative sample include the following: (1) sampling probe should be located in a vertical downrun of pipe at the center of the pipe and with probe opening facing upstream; (2) the total flowstream should be in turbulent flow; (3) sample size and sampling interval should be such that the sample is proportional to the total stream flow; (4) sample metering chamber should be closely coupled to sampler probe and located below the center line of sample probe; and (5) samples should be col

laced and stored at pressures exceeding the vapor pressure of the sample liquid to prevent evaporation and deterioration during storage. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology are as under.

Samplers also are used with positive-volume and positive-displacement meters in well testing and wet-oil (not pipeline quality) lease volume measurements. Representative sampling becomes more difficult with increasing water content in the oil stream. For improved accuracy, fluid mixtures that may have both free water and oil emulsion (oil-external phase) components should be processed through a three-phase separator before the remaining oil emulsion stream is sampled.

The capacitance probe and net-oil computer have not replaced the automatic sampler on most LACT installations because (1) crude oil value frequently is based on gravity (determined on sample volume), (2) the gross-oil volume available directly from LACT counters is satisfactory for daily operating needs, and (3) the potential operating cost reduction by eliminating sampler use is not significant. Most major purchasers will have a recommended (or required) design for automatic sampler installation. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering.

Temperature Measurement

Types of temperature-sensing devices commonly used in oil and gas production include filled-thermal, resistance thermal detection, thermocouple, thermistor, and solid-state. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleumtechnology.   The filled-thermal device operates on the basis of the principle that a fluid expands or contracts with changes in temperature. The device consists of a temperature-sensitive bulb connected by capillary tubing to an expansible element that is sensitive to pressure change.

The bulb may be filled with a liquid, a liquid and its vapors, or a gas. The expansible element may be a diaphragm, a bellows, or a bourdon tube. The$lled-thermal device has sufficient output force to be used directly for temperature compensation on positive-displacement meters used for LACT. The bellows assembly is connected to an infinitely variable transmission, which corrects the meter’s volume output to a base temperature of 60°F. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology   are as under.

A resistance thermal detector (RTD) works on the principle that a change in resistance of a wine is related directly to a change in temperature of the wire. The device consists of  a resistance element (sensing element) and a related electrical circuit, which uses the changing resistance of the element to control an output signal. The output signal can drive recorders and controllers. A thermocouple works on the principle that heat applied to one end of two strips of metal of different composition, which are bonded at either end, develops an electromotive force (EMF) that is proportional to the temperature. Thermocouples may be of the wire type, in which both elements are in wire form, or of the Pyod type, in which one element is a closed tube and the other a wire welded to the inside bottom of the tube.

 The thermocouple is connected to an electrical circuit, which senses the generated EMF and develops an output signal that can drive recorders and controllers. Thermocouple devices are used in applications where temperatures may exceed 1,OflO”F. demister and solid-state devices exhibit a resistance change with temperature change. Both these devices respond rapidly to a temperature change because of the small mass of the sensing element. Electrical circuits are required to convert the “sensed” resistance change into an output signal that is proportional to temperature. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diplomain petroleum engineering.

Understanding A Fluid Coupling

A fluid coupling is a simple device that connects the prime mover to a driven machine where the driven machine can be a fan, pump, blower, conveyor, or a crusher. A fluid coupling is used in almost every industry. For example, it can be used in power generation, mining, quarrying, and steel production. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum technology.

A fluid coupling consists of two elements: impeller and runner. The impeller is connected to a prime mover while a runner is connected to the driven machine. These two elements are positioned face to face and they are placed inside a casing which is usually filled with a number of fluids.

When the motor is rotated, the fluid in the casing is picked up in the vanes of the impeller and it's thrown outwards towards the vanes of the runner. When the fluid hits the runner, the runner begins to rotate and drives the driven machine. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology are as under.

Constant fill fluid coupling: this device is characterized by three elements: driving impeller (pump) that is mounted on the input shaft, driven impeller (turbine) that is mounted on the output shaft, and cover that is flanged to the output impeller. For proper functioning of the device, a slip is essential. The formula for the slip is: Slip%= ((input speed-out speed) /input speed) X 100. In normal conditions the slip varies from 1.5% to 6%.

Variable fill fluid coupling: this device has a very simple and effective working mechanism. Oil is pumped from a pump through a heat exchanger to the hydrodynamic coupling circuit where it's drained off through a number of orifice plugs. By controlling the rate at which oil flows into the circuit, the working of the coupling is greatly altered.

In addition to a simple working mechanism, this device also has a number of other advantages such as: soft starting, accurate speed variation, vibration dampening, and overload protection.

Hydraulic couplings: they are used for fast and easy connection and disconnection of hydraulic circuits, forest, agricultural and other machinery and equipment. The good thing with these devices is that they are very effective in their working. Installation of the devices is very easy. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering.

Fluid Transfer Pump - New Materials, New Technology

Various types of fluid transfer pumps are used in numerous processing and handling applications, ranging from the chemical industry, agricultural and mining industries and manufacturing, to name a few. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum technology.   A fluid transfer pump is defined by the type of pump, the material it is constructed of, types of fluids pumped, industries or applications served and the pressure or flow levels it is able to produce.

Traditionally, fluid transfer pumps utilised two basic types of pumping action. The first, termed dynamic action, increases the velocity of the fluid in the pump by exerting pressure on the volume of liquid. A displacement pump, in contrast, condenses and compresses the fluid by decreasing the volume of fluid. When selecting a fluid transfer pump, there are important specifications to consider that match the application you desire it for, including the maximum pressure, temperature, and power drive. It is essential to ascertain the flow capacity for the fluid transfer pump system in question. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology  are as under.

A recent innovation is the materials used to construct fluid transfer pumps, with special regard to manually operated hand pumps. The manual force that is exerted upon the hand pump sets in motion an internal mechanism that causes the fluid contained within inside the pump to increase in pressure, whether it is water, chemicals or gases. Manually operated pumps are typical of displacement pumps, requiring that the handle is pushed to begin the pump cycle, often requiring one stroke to draw the fluid and another blow to discharge it. However, recent developments have resulted in the production of a double pumping system.

Traditionally, the main component of base construction involved the use of cast iron. However, cast iron is heavy and this weight is undesirable for hand operated pumps, which are designed to be portable. Additionally, cast iron readily conducts electricity and this characteristic is undesirable in some environments for safety reasons, as well as being an expensive input into the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the life expectancy of such pumps is significantly less when compared to similar products made from materials such as plastic. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering