State Electronics

The development of solid-state electronics first as discrete components and then as integrated circuits has been a key factor in advancing lease automation. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum technology.  Electronics have provided the base for improvements in instrumentation, control elements, communication, and digital computers that form the primary components of enhanced automation facilities. Pneumatic and electromagnetic (relay) logic have been, and will continue to be, used in various forms of automation, but the extent of logic implementation is limited substantially compared with that available for electronics.

Pneumatic and/or electromagnetic functions are effective as complementary features to electronic forms of automation and as stand-alone automation for less complex applications. Microprocessors and their extension to microcomputers are having an impact on automation that may well  exceed that of integrated circuits in the initial form of “hard-wired” logic. Microcomputers combine the advantages of electronic components and program instructions into a flexible, capable, and reliable form that has substantial advantages for automation. These functional advantages have been complemented by a reduction in cost compared to implementation with integrated circuits. Microcomputers are being used in almost every component of automation related equipment from individual instruments through digital computers. Some more details of diploma in petroleum technology are as under.

LACT is the process of transferring (running) lease produced  oil into a connected pipeline on an unattended basis. LACT includes the capability to determine automatically the quantity and quality of oil being transferred and the control functions to prevent transfer of unacceptable quality and/or volumes. Before LACT, lease oil was produced into a tank, quantity and quality (opening gauge and thieving, etc.) were determined, and a valve was opened to the pipeline to initiate transfer. When the transfer was complete, the pipeline valve was closed and a final (closing) gauge was made as basis for determining net volume transferred. All these steps were manual activities with some related duplication of effort between the lease operator and the pipeline gauge. In addition to being labor intensive, the process was inherently inefficient in use of related treating and storage facilities. LACT is an important tool in the evolution of lease automation. LACT is a significant automation element and has been widely accepted and implemented by industry. In addition, it has become an important  building block for other forms of automation in lease operations. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join diploma in petroleum engineering.